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Guest Edited by Luke Kersten & Me

The extended mind has sparked a heated debate. Originally, discussion focused on the tenability of the extended mind thesis itself, which was variously attacked or defended on the basis of thought experiments and specific empirical case studies (e.g., Clark and Chalmers 1998; Clark 2003; Wilson 2004). More recently, however, the debate broadened, shifting the focus towards applying the extended mind thesis to new domains. More in detail, the extended mind thesis has been applied in a variety of new philosophical debates, including those concerning affectivity (Colombetti & Roberts 2015), epistemology (Carter et al. 2018) consciousness (Ward 2012), non-human animals (Sims & Kiverstein 2022), plants (Parise et al. 2020) mechanistic explanations (Krickel 2020) and posthumanism (Farina et al. 2022). Moreover, the extended mind thesis has also spread beyond strict philosophical circles, having been applied to such diverse fields as education (Pritchard et al. 2021), mental health (Roberts et al. 2019), human-computer interactions (Smart 2021), mathematics (Vold and Schlimm 2020) and neurocomputational theories, such as predictive processing and the free-energy principle (Kirchhoff and Kiverstein 2021).

These novel developments all highlight the fecundity and ongoing significance of the extended mind thesis. Yet, these developments have been largely elaborated in an uncoordinated fashion. While understandable to an extent, one consequence of this is that it has been extremely difficult to reconstruct the ways in which the extended mind thesis has been developed and elaborated, to track the influence of each thread of development on the others, to determine the success of these applications, and to predict which direction(s) the extended mind thesis might take in future.

This topical collection therefore aims to address the current situation by providing a space to weave together many of various threads of research, allowing them to constructively interact with each other. In this way, it aims to address a number of pressing questions concerning the extended mind thesis; questions such as: how successful have the various applications of the extended mind thesis been? Can the extended mind be applied to systems other than individual human subjects, such as non-human animals, plants, or social groups? Is the extended mind thesis only a philosophical nicety, or can it fruitfully interact with the empirical sciences? And, if the extended mind has empirical relevance, how does it sit - and interact - with exciting emerging paradigms, such as Bayesian cognitive science, Large Language Models, or the Active Inference framework? How do recent applications of the extended mind thesis affect the prospects of the extended mind? Do they “feedback” on the theoretical, foundational issues concerning the very tenability of the extended mind thesis? And if so, what effects do they have? Moreover, where does the extended mind sit in the “4E” cognition movement? And how does it relate to post-cognitivist movements such as ecological (neuro)psychology, the “biogenic” approach to cognition and the various forms of enactivism? How has the debate on the extended mind historically developed, and what lies ahead? Lastly, what are the ethical implications of the extended mind thesis?

The special issue will address these questions by bringing together a variety of cutting-edge work at the intersection of philosophy of mind and the cognitive sciences, providing a forum for new insight into a topic of central interest to those working on the nature of mind and brain.

Talk of “turns” is widespread in analytic philosophy—the linguistic turn, the cognitive turn, the naturalistic turn, and so forth. With the title of this special issue, we would like to capture an important trend that is currently emerging in the philosophy of mind. Looking back at what analytic philosophy was in the ’80s, one can clearly see that a theoretical attitude dominated the debate over minds, and in particular over mental content and intentionality. The attitude was that intentionality and content could—and should—be naturalised. That is, analysed in nonsemantic, non-mental and non-contentful terms. To use one of Fodor’s catchphrases, the zeitgeist declared that “if intentionality is real, it really must be something else” (Fodor 1987: 97). Accordingly, philosophers were called to take up the task of discovering what parts of the natural world intentionality and mental content really were. Clearly, this is not a neutral way to approach the topics of intentionality and mental content. For one thing, it assumes that intentionality and content are natural in the sense that they are “made up” by ingredients pertaining to the natural sciences. Accordingly, intentionality and content were studied from a “third-person” point of view, with little regard to one’s introspective awareness of mental contents. In addition to this methodological assumption, mental content and intentionality were also treated as self-standing. In particular, their analysis was abstracted away from phenomenal consciousness, under the assumption that this move would not result in any great loss of information about them (cf. Dretske 1983; Fodor 1987; Millikan 1984). Now, whilst some philosophers are still out looking to naturalise content (e.g. Neander 2017; Shea 2018), it seems safe to say that this kind of project has run into significant difficulties (cf. Schulte 2023), which justifies seeking for an alternative. What we are calling the “phenomenological turn” qualifies as such an alternative, one that calls into question most of the implicit assumptions made by the content naturalisation project. Within this phenomenological turn, content is no longer considered natural, in the sense that it does not need to be made up by ingredients snatched from the natural sciences’ cookbook, and consequently the task is no longer that of naturalising it. Accordingly, content and intentionality are studied and approached introspectively, from the “first-person” perspective. What is more, the deep ties between intentionality and phenomenal consciousness are highlighted (Bourget and Mendelovici 2019). Opposing standard projects of naturalisation of content, however, is not the only distinctive trait of the phenomenological turn. Interestingly, if this were the case, we might end up including strongly anti-representationalist and radically embodied views (e.g. Chemero 2009), which instead fall outside the scope of this special issue. Somewhat unsurprisingly, the missing ingredient is the focus on the phenomenological approach: content is investigated in its own terms and for its own sake, bracketing—so to speak—its relation with the natural world as it is usually understood by science. Among other things, this nicely fits with the original, Husserlian, phenomenological research project, and provides us with the reason to refer to a phenomenological turn. Needless to say, some philosophers might see themselves as taking part in this “phenomenological turn”, and yet disagree with some of the claims we have just listed. Philosophical movements are rarely crisply defined, and this makes no exception. Still, the rough characterization of the phenomenological turn we have provided should at least capture some sort of family resemblance. And, we believe, a useful one.

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